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48 GNU make

completed. Additionally, if there are multiple recursive make invocations running in parallel,

they will communicate so that only one of them is generating output at a time.

If working directory printing is enabled (see Section 5.7.4 [The ‘--print-directory’

Option], page 55), the enter/leave messages are printed around each output grouping. If

you prefer not to see these messages add the ‘--no-print-directory’ option to MAKEFLAGS.

There are four levels of granularity when synchronizing output, speciﬁed by giving an

argument to the option (e.g., ‘-Oline’ or ‘--output-sync=recurse’).

none This is the default: all output is sent directly as it is generated and no synchro-

nization is performed.

line Output from each individual line of the recipe is grouped and printed as soon

as that line is complete. If a recipe consists of multiple lines, they may be

interspersed with lines from other recipes.

target Output from the entire recipe for each target is grouped and printed once the

target is complete. This is the default if the --output-sync or -O option is

given with no argument.

recurse Output from each recursive invocation of make is grouped and printed once the

recursive invocation is complete.

Regardless of the mode chosen, the total build time will be the same. The only diﬀerence

is in how the output appears.

The ‘target’ and ‘recurse’ modes both collect the output of the entire recipe of a target

and display it uninterrupted when the recipe completes. The diﬀerence between them is in

how recipes that contain recursive invocations of make are treated (see Section 5.7 [Recursive

Use of make], page 50). For all recipes which have no recursive lines, the ‘target’ and

‘recurse’ modes behave identically.

If the ‘recurse’ mode is chosen, recipes that contain recursive make invocations are

treated the same as other targets: the output from the recipe, including the output from

the recursive make, is saved and printed after the entire recipe is complete. This ensures

output from all the targets built by a given recursive make instance are grouped together,

which may make the output easier to understand. However it also leads to long periods of

time during the build where no output is seen, followed by large bursts of output. If you

are not watching the build as it proceeds, but instead viewing a log of the build after the

fact, this may be the best option for you.

If you are watching the output, the long gaps of quiet during the build can be frustrat-

ing. The ‘target’ output synchronization mode detects when make is going to be invoked

recursively, using the standard methods, and it will not synchronize the output of those

lines. The recursive make will perform the synchronization for its targets and the output

from each will be displayed immediately when it completes. Be aware that output from

recursive lines of the recipe are not synchronized (for example if the recursive line prints a

message before running make, that message will not be synchronized).

The ‘line’ mode can be useful for front-ends that are watching the output of make to

track when recipes are started and completed.

Some programs invoked by make may behave diﬀerently if they determine they’re writing

output to a terminal versus a ﬁle (often described as “interactive” vs. “non-interactive”

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