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32 GNU make
4.8 Special Built-in Target Names
Certain names have special meanings if they appear as targets.
.PHONY
The prerequisites of the special target .PHONY are considered to be phony tar-
gets. When it is time to consider such a target, make will run its recipe un-
conditionally, regardless of whether a file with that name exists or what its
last-modification time is. See Section 4.5 [Phony Targets], page 29.
.SUFFIXES
The prerequisites of the special target .SUFFIXES are the list of suffixes to be
used in checking for suffix rules. See Section 10.7 [Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules],
page 125.
.DEFAULT
The recipe specified for .DEFAULT is used for any target for which no rules are
found (either explicit rules or implicit rules). See Section 10.6 [Last Resort],
page 125. If a .DEFAULT recipe is specified, every file mentioned as a prerequi-
site, but not as a target in a rule, will have that recipe executed on its behalf.
See Section 10.8 [Implicit Rule Search Algorithm], page 127.
.PRECIOUS
The targets which .PRECIOUS depends on are given the following special treat-
ment: if make is killed or interrupted during the execution of their recipes, the
target is not deleted. See Section 5.6 [Interrupting or Killing make], page 50.
Also, if the target is an intermediate file, it will not be deleted after it is no
longer needed, as is normally done. See Section 10.4 [Chains of Implicit Rules],
page 117. In this latter respect it overlaps with the .SECONDARY special target.
You can also list the target pattern of an implicit rule (such as ‘%.o’) as a
prerequisite file of the special target .PRECIOUS to preserve intermediate files
created by rules whose target patterns match that file’s name.
.INTERMEDIATE
The targets which .INTERMEDIATE depends on are treated as intermediate files.
See Section 10.4 [Chains of Implicit Rules], page 117. .INTERMEDIATE with no
prerequisites has no effect.
.SECONDARY
The targets which .SECONDARY depends on are treated as intermediate files,
except that they are never automatically deleted. See Section 10.4 [Chains of
Implicit Rules], page 117.
.SECONDARY with no prerequisites causes all targets to be treated as secondary
(i.e., no target is removed because it is considered intermediate).
.SECONDEXPANSION
If .SECONDEXPANSION is mentioned as a target anywhere in the makefile, then
all prerequisite lists defined after it appears will be expanded a second time
after all makefiles have been read in. See Section 3.8 [Secondary Expansion],
page 18.
- GNU Make 1
- Short Contents 5
- Table of Contents 7
- 1 Overview of make 11
- 2 An Introduction to Makefiles 13
- 2.2 A Simple Makefile 14
- 2.6 Another Style of Makefile 18
- 3 Writing Makefiles 21
- 3.1.1 Splitting Long Lines 22
- 3.3 Including Other Makefiles 23
- 3.4 The Variable MAKEFILES 24
- 3.5 How Makefiles Are Remade 24
- 3.7 How make Reads a Makefile 26
- Conditional Directives 27
- Rule Definition 27
- 3.8 Secondary Expansion 28
- 4 Writing Rules 31
- 4.2 Types of Prerequisites 32
- 4.3.1 Wildcard Examples 33
- 4.3.3 The Function wildcard 34
- 4.4.2 The vpath Directive 36
- 4.5 Phony Targets 39
- 4.11 Static Pattern Rules 46
- 4.12 Double-Colon Rules 48
- %.d: %.c 49
- @set -e; rm -f $@; \ 49
- 5 Writing Recipes in Rules 51
- 5.2 Recipe Echoing 53
- 5.3 Recipe Execution 54
- 5.3.2 Choosing the Shell 55
- 5.4 Parallel Execution 57
- 5.5 Errors in Recipes 59
- 5.7 Recursive Use of make 60
- 5.8 Defining Canned Recipes 66
- 5.9 Using Empty Recipes 67
- 6 How to Use Variables 69
- 6.3.1 Substitution References 72
- 6.3.2 Computed Variable Names 73
- 6.5 Setting Variables 75
- 6.7 The override Directive 78
- 6.9 Undefining Variables 79
- 6.13 Suppressing Inheritance 82
- 6.14 Other Special Variables 83
- 7.1 Example of a Conditional 87
- 7.2 Syntax of Conditionals 88
- 8.1 Function Call Syntax 93
- 8.3 Functions for File Names 97
- 8.5 The foreach Function 100
- 8.6 The file Function 101
- 8.7 The call Function 102
- 8.8 The value Function 103
- 8.9 The eval Function 103
- 8.10 The origin Function 104
- 8.11 The flavor Function 105
- 8.14 The guile Function 107
- 8.13 The shell Function 107
- 9 How to Run make 109
- 9.5 Overriding Variables 113
- 9.7 Summary of Options 114
- 10 Using Implicit Rules 121
- 10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules 127
- 10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples 129
- 10.5.3 Automatic Variables 130
- 10.5.4 How Patterns Match 132
- 10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules 135
- 12 Extending GNU make 143
- 12.2 Loading Dynamic Objects 145
- 12.2.1 The load Directive 146
- Loaded Object Licensing 147
- Data Structures 148
- Registering Functions 148
- Registered Function Interface 148
- GNU make Facilities 148
- Memory Management 149
- 12.2.4 Example Loaded Object 149
- 13 Features of GNU make 153
- 15 Makefile Conventions 159
- 15.2 Utilities in Makefiles 160
- CFLAGS = -g 161
- ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS) 161
- Appendix A Quick Reference 175
- Index of Concepts 201
- 192 GNU make 202
- Index of Concepts 193 203
- 194 GNU make 204
- Index of Concepts 195 205
- 196 GNU make 206
- Index of Concepts 197 207
- 198 GNU make 208
- 200 GNU make 210
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